@paradoxornithidae @tonyrebelo @jeremygilmore @beartracker @matthewinabinett
Also see https://www.inaturalist.org/posts/54893-ocular-displays-and-what-we-should-call-them-part-2#
Macaca nemestrina (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_pig-tailed_macaque) differs from other cercopithecid monkeys in having eyes with conspicuous colouration.
Furthermore, the pattern of colouration varies greatly within this species, based on age and sex.
In females (https://www.gettyimages.dk/detail/photo/female-southern-pig-tailed-macaque-royalty-free-image/572636219?adppopup=true) and juveniles, the eye is somewhat similar to that in Homo sapiens (https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-1018659601-southern-pig-tailed-macaque-macaca-nemestrina-portrait).
The sclera (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclera) is unpigmented, and is exposed by the wide configuration of the eyelids (albeit not as wide as in the human species).
Please see https://www.simiansociety.org/nonhuman-primate-species/pigtail-macaque/.
This 'white' sclera is most conspicuous when the animal glances sideways (https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/sad-macaque-macaca-nemestrina-gm508666008-85394433?searchscope=image%2Cfilm and https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=822538356577658&set=pb.100064645033286.-2207520000 and https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/portrait-of-southern-pig-tailed-macaque-macaca-nemestrina-resting-on-a-tree-trunk-gm1418048240-464891924?searchscope=image%2Cfilm and https://www.gettyimages.dk/detail/photo/macaque-wisdom-royalty-free-image/535506761?adppopup=true).
In mature males (https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/male-southern-pig-tailed-macaque-a-medium-sized-old-world-monkey-is-in-natural-gm1016032602-273380979?searchscope=image%2Cfilm and https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/adult-southern-pig-tailed-macaque-or-sunda-pig-tailed-macaque-gm1303623601-395019844?searchscope=image%2Cfilm), a different kind of colouration becomes conspicuous, as follows:
The ocular (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ocular) colouration in females and juveniles seems to communicate attention and intention, somewhat as in the human species. That in adult males seems instead simply to emphasise the stare, which is fundamentally antagonistic.
At least in part, the eyes of M. nemestrina are among the most human-like among higher primates (https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/male-pig-tailed-macaque-macaca-nemestrina-eating-an-ananas-fruit-gm2143603643-568707765?searchscope=image%2Cfilm and https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/male-pig-tailed-macaque-macaca-nemestrina-eating-an-ananas-fruit-gm2143602589-568707718?searchscope=image%2Cfilm).
Adult females:
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/selected-focus-wild-southern-pigtailed-macaque-1673317477
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/mother-child-southern-pigtailed-macaque-macaca-1118599595
Infants and juveniles:
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/pig-tailed-macaque-gm462388163-31876366?searchscope=image%2Cfilm
Mature males:
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/monkey-pigtailed-macaque-99088430
to be continued in...
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